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Wednesday, July 18, 2012

Recursive Subquery Factoring, Oracle SQL and Physics

Introduction: this post  is about the use of recursive subquery factoring (recursive common table expressions) in Oracle to find numerical solutions to the equations of classical mechanics, for demonstration purposes. This technique will be introduced using 4 examples or growing complexity. In particular by the end of the post we will be able to compute the length of the (sidereal) year using the laws of physics and SQL.

Recursive subquery factoring (aka recursive common table expressions) is a feature first introduced in Oracle version 11gR2 that has been used by many both for business and for play. See for example this post on Jonathan Lewis blogthis post on solving sudokus and this about the Mandelbrot setThe computational strength of the feature comes from the fact that it makes recursion easily available from within SQL and so opens the door to natural ways of implementing several algorithms for numerical computation. 
Additional note: the amount of physics and maths used have been kept to a minimum and simplified where possible, hopefully without introducing too many mistakes in the process. 

Example 1: projectile in gravity field


The motion is on 1 dimension, say the x axis. Our first task is to find a representation of the state of the system with a structure that can be computed in the database. A natural choice is to use the tuple (t, x, v, a). Where t is time, x is the position along the 1-dimensional axis of motion, v is the velocity and a is the acceleration.
Newton's second law (F=ma) gives us the rule of the game when we want to compute the state of the system subject to and external force. Using calculus this can be written as:  


Next we need a method to find numerical (approximate) solutions. We can use the Euler integration method, which basically means doing the following:

Another important point is that we need to know the initial conditions for the state tuple, in particular initial  position and velocity. In the example we will take x(t=0)=0 m and v(t=0)=100 m/sec. The force is the gravitational pull at the surface of the Earth: F=--m*g, where g=9.81 m/sec^2. Note the mass cancels out in our equations. This example models the motion of a projectile that we shoot vertically into the air and we observe as it rises up to about 500 meters and then falls back down, all this happens in about 20.5 seconds. The SQL used and a graph of the results are here below:

define dT=0.1
define g=9.81
define maxT=20

-- SQL to compute the motion of a projectile subject to gravity
WITH data(t,x,v,a) AS (
 SELECT cast(0 as binary_double) t, cast(0 as binary_double) x, cast (100 as binary_double) v, cast(-&g as binary_double) a FROM dual
 UNION ALL
 SELECT t+&dT, x+v*&dT, v+a*&dT, -&g FROM data WHERE t < &maxT
)
SELECT t,x,v,a FROM data;



Example 2: Harmonic oscillator


In this example we investigate the motion of a mass attached to a spring. We expect the mass to oscillate around a central point (x=0).
For greater accuracy in calculations we use a different integration method: the Verlet integration method (see also this link). The equation for the acceleration is: a = F/m =-K*x and initial conditions are: x(t=0)=1 m and v(t=0)=0 m/sec. Moreover we take K0.1 sec^-2See below the SQL used for the calculation and a graph of the results.

define dT=0.1  
define K=0.1
define maxT=20

-- SQL to compute the motion of a harmonic oscillator
WITH data(t,x,v,a) AS (
 SELECT cast(0 as binary_double) t, cast(1 as binary_double) x, cast (0 as binary_double) v, cast(-&K*1 as binary_double) a FROM dual
 UNION ALL
 SELECT t+&dT, x+v*&dT+0.5*a*&dT*&dT, v+0.5*(a-&K*(x+v*&dT))*&dT, -&K*(x+v*&dT+0.5*a*&dT*&dT) FROM data WHERE t < &maxT
)
SELECT t,x,v,a FROM data;




Example 3: Motion of the Earth around the Sun


The motion of the system Earth-Sun is a problem of 2 bodies moving in space. With a 'standard trick' this can be reduced to a problem of 1 body, and 2 spatial variables, which represent the (vector) distance of the Earth from the Sun in the place of the orbit. Our description of the system will use the following tuple: (t,x,vx,ax,y,vy,ay), that is time, position, velocity and acceleration for a 2-dimensional problem in the (x,y) plane. The equation for the force is Newton's law of universal gravitationAnother important point again is to use the correct initial conditions. These can be taken from astronomical observations, x(t=0)=152098233 Km (also know as the aphelion point) and v=29.291 Km/sec (credits to this link and this other link). We will use again the Verlet integration method as in example 2 above. Note, for ease of computation, time and space will be re-scaled so that t=1 means 1000 sec and x=1 means 1 Km (same is true for the y axis). The SQL used is pasted here below as well as a graph of the computed results, that is our approximate calculation of the Earth's orbit

-- length unit = 1 km
-- time unit = 1000 sec
define dT=.1
define aph=152098233
define GM=132712838618000000
-- note this is GM Sun + Earth (reduced mass correction)
define v_aph=29291
define maxT=40000

-- SQL to compute the trajectory of the Earth around the Sun
WITH data(step, t,x,y,vx,vy,ax,ay) AS (
 SELECT 0 step,cast(0 as binary_double) t,cast(&aph as binary_double) x,cast(0 as binary_double) y,
        cast(0 as binary_double) vx, cast(&v_aph as binary_double) vy,
        cast(-&GM/power(&aph,2) as binary_double) ax, cast(0 as binary_double) ay  FROM dual
 UNION ALL
 SELECT step+1, t+&dT, x+vx*&dT+0.5*ax*&dT*&dT, y+vy*&dT+0.5*ay*&dT*&dT,
        vx+0.5*(ax-&GM*(x+vx*&dT)/power(x*x+y*y,1.5))*&dT,
        vy+0.5*(ay-&GM*(y+vy*&dT)/power(x*x+y*y,1.5))*&dT,
        -&GM*(x+vx*&dT+0.5*ax*&dT*&dT)/power(power(x+vx*&dT,2)+power(y+vy*&dT,2),1.5),
        -&GM*(y+vy*&dT+0.5*ay*&dT*&dT)/power(power(x+vx*&dT,2)+power(y+vy*&dT,2),1.5)
 FROM data WHERE t < &maxT
)
SELECT t,x,y,vx,vy,ax,ay FROM data WHERE mod(step,100)=0; -- output only one point every 100




Example 4: Compute the length of the sidereal year using the equations of motion of the Earth around the Sun and SQL


As a final example and an 'application' of the techniques above we can use SQL to compute the number of days year (or rather in a sidereal year, see the link for additional details). We find a result that is in agreement with measurements with 6 significant digits. This is an interesting result considering that it is obtained with just a few lines of SQL!

-- SQL to compute the number of days in one sidereal year
-- A sidereal year is the time taken by the Earth to orbit
-- the Sun once with respect to the fixed stars.
-- This builds on the equation and SQL discussed in example N.3
define dT=.1
define aph=152098233
define GM=132712838618000000
define v_aph=29291
define maxT=40000

select round(t*1000/(3600*24),3) days_in_a_sidereal_year  from (
 WITH data(step, t,x,y,vx,vy,ax,ay) AS (
  SELECT 0 step,cast(0 as binary_double) t,cast(&aph as binary_double) x,cast(0 as binary_double) y,
        cast(0 as binary_double) vx, cast(&v_aph as binary_double) vy,
        cast(-&GM/power(&aph,2) as binary_double) ax, cast(0 as binary_double) ay  FROM dual
  UNION ALL
  SELECT step+1, t+&dT, x+vx*&dT+0.5*ax*&dT*&dT, y+vy*&dT+0.5*ay*&dT*&dT,
        vx+0.5*(ax-&GM*(x+vx*&dT)/power(x*x+y*y,1.5))*&dT,
        vy+0.5*(ay-&GM*(y+vy*&dT)/power(x*x+y*y,1.5))*&dT,
        -&GM*(x+vx*&dT+0.5*ax*&dT*&dT)/power(power(x+vx*&dT,2)+power(y+vy*&dT,2),1.5),
        -&GM*(y+vy*&dT+0.5*ay*&dT*&dT)/power(power(x+vx*&dT,2)+power(y+vy*&dT,2),1.5)
  FROM data WHERE t < &maxT
 )
 SELECT step,t,y,lead(y) over(order by step) next_y FROM data
) where y<0 and next_y>0;


DAYS_IN_A_SIDEREAL_YEAR
-----------------------
                365.256


Conclusions:

We have discussed in 4 examples the usage of Oracle SQL and in particular of recursive subquery factoring (recursive common table expressions), applied to solve selected cases of differential equations of classical mechanics. Despite the simplifications and approximations involved, the technique has allowed us to compute the length of the sidereal year with good precision. This method can be extended to make calculation for more complex systems, such as systems of many particles.

Wednesday, July 11, 2012

Listener.ora and Oraagent in RAC 11gR2

Topic: An investigation of a few details of the implementation of listeners in 11gR2, including the configuration of listener.ora in RAC and the role of the cluster process 'oraagent'.

11gR2 comes with several important changes and improvements to the clusterware in general and in particular the way listeners are managed. While the listener process is still the 'good old' process  tnslsnr (Linux and Unix), it is now started from the grid home (as opposed to database oracle home). Moreover listeners are divided in two classes: node listeners and scan listeners, although they use the same binary for both functions. There are many more details and instead of covering them here I'd rather reference this excellent review: Markus Michalewicz's presentation at TCOUG.

Oraagent takes good care of our listeners

  • Node listeners and scan listeners are configured at the clusterware level, for example with srvctl and the configuration is propagated to the listeners accordingly
    • this integration is more consistently enforced in 11gR2 than in previous versions
  • The oraagent process spawned by crsd takes care of our listeners in terms of configuration and monitoring
    • note that there is normally a second oraagent on the system which is spawned by ohasd and does not seem to come into play here
  • Notably in the listener.ora file we can see which configuration lines are being taken care of automatically by oraagent, as they are marked with the following comment: # line added by Agent
    • experiment on a test DB: delete one or more of the listener.ora configuration lines and restart the listener (for example with srvctl stop listener; srvctl start listener). The original configuration will reappear in listener.ora and the manually modified listener.ora will be renamed (with a timestamp suffix)
  • The agent creates and maintains the file: endpoints_listener.ora
    • this file is there for backward compatibility, see docs and/or support site for more info. 
    • experiment on test: delete the file and restart the listerner, oraagent will recreate the file.
  • Oraagent log can be found at: $GRID_HOME/log/{nodename}/agent/crsd/oraagent_oracle/oraagent_oracle.log
  • Oraagent monitors the functioning of each listener 
    • from the log file entries (see above about the location of the oraagent log file) we can see that each listener is monitored with a frequency of 60 seconds
  • Oraagent comes into action also at instance startup, when the instance is started with srvctl (as opposed to 'manually' started instance from sqlplus) and sets LOCAL_LISTENER parameter, dynamically (this is done with an alter system command and only if the parameter has not been set on spfile).

    Dynamic listening endpoints 

    • Where are the TCP/IP settings of my listeners in listener.ora? 
      • Only IPC endpoints are listed in listener.ora, this is at first puzzling, where are the TCP settings that in previous versions were listed in listener.ora? ..read on!
    • Notes: 
      • endpoint=the address or connection point to the listener. The most known endpoint in the oracle DB world being TCP, port 1521
      • dynamic listening endpoint and dynamic service registration are both concepts related to listener activities, but they are distinct.
    • Oraagent connects to the listener via IPC and activates the TCP (TCPS, etc) endpoints as specified in the clusterware configuration
      • experiment on test: $GRID_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop listener; $GRID_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start listener; Note that the latter command starts only the IPC endpoint. However oraagent is posted at listener startup and makes active the rest of the endpoints (notably listening on the TCP  port), this can be seen for example by running the following a few seconds after listener restart: $GRID_HOME/bin/lsnrctl status listener (which will list all the active endpoints)
    • Another way to say that is that the endpoints for the listener in RAC 11gR2 are configured in a  dynamic way: TCP (TCPS, etc) endpoints are activated at runtime by oraagent
      • this is indicated in the listener.ora by the new (undocumented) parameters ENABLE_GLOBAL_DYNAMIC_ENDPOINT_{LISTENER_NAME}=ON
    • Experiment on test on disabling dynamic listening endpoint:  
      • stop the listener: $GRID_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop listener
      • edit listener.ora and set  ENABLE_GLOBAL_DYNAMIC_ENDPOINT_LISTENER=OFF
      • start the listener: $GRID_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start listener
      • check listener.ora and check that the parameter edited above has not changed, that is  ENABLE_GLOBAL_DYNAMIC_ENDPOINT_LISTENER=OFF 
      • in this case the TCP endpoint will not be started, that is the listener will be listening only on IPC. Check with: $GRID_HOME/bin/lsnrctl status listener 
      • note: if we try do the same exercise by stopping and starting the listener with srvctl, as it would be the typical way to do it, we will see that the parameter ENABLE_GLOBAL_DYNAMIC_ENDPOINT_LISTENER in listener.ora will be set again to ON. This will activate again dynamic listening endpoints, which is something we want in production, but not for this exercise!
    • Note: the examples have been tested on 11.2.0.3 RAC for Linux. ORACLE_HOME needs to be set to point to the grid home (and TNS_ADMIN if used at all, needs to be set to $GRID_HOME/network/admin)

    I don't need to edit listener.ora any more, or do I?

    • We have seen above that the most important configurations related to listener.ora are automated via oraagent and the clusterware in general
    • There are additional listener.ora parameters that are not managed by the clusterware in11gR2 and need to be configured in listener.ora in case we want to use them
    • The steps for the configuration are very well described in support note 1340831.1. Here we just mention that for a 2-node RAC the following parameters will be needed in listener.ora (note parameters taken from listener.ora on 11.2.0.3 RAC for Linux):
    SECURE_REGISTER_LISTENER = (IPC,TCP)
    SECURE_REGISTER_LISTENER_SCAN1 = (IPC,TCPS)
    SECURE_REGISTER_LISTENER_SCAN2 = (IPC,TCPS)
    WALLET_LOCATION =  (SOURCE =(METHOD = FILE)(METHOD_DATA =(DIRECTORY = ..put here directory of wallet..)))


    Conclusions

    The handling of listeners in 11gR2 RAC has become much more integrated with the clusterware and for most RAC configurations there is not much need to play with listener.ora any more. At a closer look of however, new parameters and overall some new rules of the game in the 11gR2 implementation are revealed, most notably the use of dynamic endpoint registration by the clusterware.